Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN accumulates in the inflamed colon. (a) After 10 h of treating animals with Cy5.5@IBN, Cy5.5@Inulin (20 mg/dose, equivalent Cy5.5 dose), their organs were imaged by an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and quantified for Cy5.5 fluorescence signal. (b) Healthy or DSS‐colitis mice were orally administered on day 7 with Cy5.5@IBN, Cy5.5@Inulin (20 mg/dose, equivalent Cy5.5 dose), and colon tissues were excised after 10 h, stained with anti‐CD4 and anti‐EpCAM antibodies and visualized by confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 20 µm (b). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from a representative experiment ( n = 3 biologically independent animals). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: In Vivo Imaging, Fluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN exhibit strong therapeutic activity in a murine DSS‐induced colitis model. (a) C57BL/6 mice were provided with water or 2.75% DSS‐containing water for 6 days. On days ‐6, ‐4, ‐2, 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mice were orally administered with PBS, NaB (equivalent to their content in IBN), Inulin (equivalent to their content in IBN) or IBN (60 mg/dose). (b) Daily bodyweight changes in each group for 9 days. (c–e), On day 9, animals were euthanized, and (c) colon length, (d) colonic MPO activity, and (e) colonic damage scores were measured. Scale bars, 100 µm (e). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from a representative experiment ( n = 6 biologically independent animals) from independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, analyzed by (c, d, e) one‐way or (b) two‐way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN modulates gut microbiome. (a–f) C57BL/6 mice were given 2.75% DSS in drinking water for 6 d and treated as shown in Figure . Fecal samples collected on day 9 were analyzed for gut microbiome composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in the V4 region. (a–b) Microbiome richness (Observed OTUs, a) and α‐diversity (Shannon and Inverse Simpson indices, b). (c) Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot illustrating β‐diversity, each point denotes one mouse based on a subsample of 14,085 OTUs. d, Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum and family levels (% of total sequences). (e) Heatmap presenting the relative abundance of predominant families (rows) for each mouse (columns). (f) Relative abundance of selected taxa. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from a representative experiment ( n = 4 biologically independent animals) from independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001, analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with LSD multiple‐comparison post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: Sequencing, Comparison

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN's gut microbiome modulation activity is crucial in IBN therapy. (a) C57BL/6 mice were pretreated for 6 days with an antibiotic cocktail (ampicillin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and neomycin) in the drinking water, and then given either water or 2.75% DSS‐containing water for 6 days. On days −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, mice were orally administered with PBS or IBN (60 mg/dose). (b–d) On day 9, animals were euthanized and (b) colon length, (c) colonic MPO activity, and (d) histological damage scores were evaluated. Scale bars, 100 µm (d). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from a representative experiment ( n = 4 biologically independent animals) from independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001, analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with LSD multiple‐comparison post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Comparison

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN promotes regulatory T‐cells. (a‐d), Healthy or DSS‐colitis mice were orally administered on day −6. −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mice were orally administered with PBS, NaB (equivalent to their content in IBN), Inulin (equivalent to their content in IBN) or IBN (60 mg/dose). Colon tissues were excised and analyzed for the mRNA levels of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (a) and colonic CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells populations (b) with quantifications of CD4+Foxp3+ cells in immunofluorescence images (c) and flow cytometry (d). Scale bars, 20 µm. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from a representative experiment ( n = 6 for (a), n = 3 for (b) and (c), n = 4 for (d) biologically independent animals per group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, analyzed by two‐way ANOVA (b) or one‐way ANOVA (c–e) followed by LSD post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Inulin‐Butyrate Nanogel for Modulation of Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Regulatory T‐Cells in Colitis

doi: 10.1002/smll.202513252

Figure Lengend Snippet: IBN enhances intestinal barrier functions. (a‐c) Healthy or DSS‐colitis mice were orally administered on day ‐6. ‐4, ‐2, 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mice were orally administered with PBS, NaB (equivalent to their content in IBN), Inulin (equivalently to their content in IBN) or IBN (60 mg/dose). Colon tissues were excised and analyzed for the expression patterns (a) and mRNA levels (b, c) of ZO‐1 and occludin‐1. (d) mRNA expression levels of ZO‐1 in HCT‐116 cells treated with control medium or butyrate (0.5 mM) in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide (200 µ m ). Scale bars, 20 µm (a). Representative images from three slides are shown, obtained from n = 6 biologically independent animals across independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 and **** P < 0.0001, analyzed by one‐way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the inflammation‐targeting capability of IBN, an acute colitis model was established by administering 2.75% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the drinking water of 6‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice for 6 consecutive days.

Techniques: Expressing, Control